L’importance de la microalbuminurie dans l’évaluation de la néphropathie chez les diabétiques

Abstract

Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with multiple complications, among which kidney involvement is one of the most serious, potentially leading to diabetic nephropathy. This study focuses on microalbuminuria as an early and sensitive biomarker of renal impairment in diabetic patients. The study was conducted on a sample of 160 diabetic individuals (80 men and 80 women). The biological parameters assessed included microalbuminuria, urea, serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), with the objective of evaluating their interrelationships and relevance in the screening and monitoring of renal function. The results show that glycemic imbalance plays a central role in the development of nephropathy. Hyperglycemia was observed across all age groups and both sexes, with particularly elevated values among females aged ≤ 20 years (1.844 g/L vs. 1.245 g/L in males). HbA1c trends varied with age and sex: it was higher in younger females (77.99% vs. 77.57% for ≤ 20 years), while males exhibited higher levels in older age groups. Regarding urea, females had higher levels in the 21–40 years (0.426 g/L vs. 0.336 g/L) and 61–80 years (0.455 g/L vs. 0.31 g/L) age groups, whereas males had slightly higher values in the ≤ 20 years group (0.361 g/L vs. 0.315 g/L). For serum creatinine, females shown consistently higher levels across all age groups (up to 11.902 mg/L), except in males aged ≤ 20 years, who had higher values (9.562 mg/L vs. 7.754 mg/L). As for microalbuminuria, a significant increase was observed in females aged 21–40 years (69.75 mg/L vs. 16.69 mg/L in males), and a slight elevation in the 41–60 age group (171.76 mg/L vs. 165.77 mg/L). Conversely, males aged 61–80 years showed much higher values (121.99 mg/L vs. 65.24 mg/L). No cases of microalbuminuria were detected in patients under 20 years of age. These findings highlight the critical influence of age and sex on metabolism and renal function in diabetic patients. They confirm the predictive value of microalbuminuria in the early detection of diabetic nephropathy and underscore the importance of a personalized and stratified monitoring approach based on individual patient characteristics.